AFAIK there are 5 different standard non-SegWit transaction types, and 4 SegWit ones.
Non-SegWit:
Pay to public key (P2PK)
PUSH (1 byte) + <compressed/uncompressed_pk> (33/65 bytes) + OP_CHECKSIG (1 byte)
Pay to public key hash (P2PKH)
OP_DUP (1 byte) + OP_HASH160 (1 byte) + PUSH (1 byte) + <hash_160(PK)> (20 bytes) + OP_EQUALVERIFY (1 byte) + OP_CHECKSIG (1 byte)
Multisig (P2MS)
<number_of_PKs> (1 byte) PUSH (1 byte) <PK_0> (33/65 bytes) PUSH (1 byte) <PK_1> (33/65 bytes) ... PUSH (1 byte) <PK_n-1> (33/65 bytes) OP_CHECKMULTISIG (1 byte)
P2MS allow up to 15-15 scripts, however only up to 3-3 are standard.
Pay to script hash (P2SH)
OP_HASH160 (1 byte) + PUSH (1 byte) + <hash160(redeem_script)> (20 bytes) + OP_EQUAL (1 byte)
OP_Return
OP_RETURN (1 byte) PUSH (1 byte) <0 to 83 bytes of data>
SegWit:
Regarding segwit types, there are two non-native and two native ones.
Native Pay to witness public key hash (P2WPKH)
OP_0 (1 byte) PUSH (1 byte) <hash 160(PK*)> (20 bytes)
Native Pay to witness script hash (P2WSH)
OP_0 (1 byte) PUSH (1 byte) <script_hash> (32 bytes)
Pay to witness public key hash encapsulated in a pay to script hash (P2SH-P2WPKH)
The redeem script follows the same structure than native P2WPKH:
redeem_script = OP_0 (1 byte) PUSH (1 byte) <hash_160(PK*)> (20 bytes)
While the external structure of the script (scriptPubKey) is as any other P2SH:
OP_HASH160 (1 byte) + PUSH (1 byte) + <hash_160(redeeem_script)> (20 bytes) + OP_EQUAL (1 byte)
Pay to witness script hash encapsulated in a pay to script hash (P2SH-P2WSH)
The redeem script follows the same structure than native P2WSH:
redeem_script = OP_0 (1 byte) PUSH (1 byte) <script_hash> (32 bytes)
While the external structure of the script (scriptPubKey) is as any other P2SH:
OP_HASH160 (1 byte) + PUSH (1 byte) + <hash_160(redeeem_script)> (20 bytes) + OP_EQUAL (1 byte)
*In P2WPKH scripts the hash 160 should correspond to a compressed public key, otherwise the funds will be lost.
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